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@BuilderParam装饰器:引用@Builder函数

当开发者创建自定义组件并需要为其添加特定功能(例如页面跳转功能)时,如果直接在组件内嵌入事件方法,会导致所有该自定义组件的实例都增加此功能。为了解决此问题,ArkUI引入了@BuilderParam装饰器。@BuilderParam用于装饰指向@Builder方法的变量,开发者可以在初始化自定义组件时,使用不同的方式(如参数修改、尾随闭包、借用箭头函数等)对@BuilderParam装饰的自定义构建函数进行传参赋值。在自定义组件内部,通过调用@BuilderParam为组件增加特定功能。

在阅读本文档前,建议提前阅读:@Builder

从API version 7开始支持。

从API version 9开始,该装饰器支持在ArkTS卡片中使用。

从API version 11开始,该装饰器支持在元服务中使用。

装饰器使用说明

初始化@BuilderParam装饰的方法

@BuilderParam装饰的方法只能被自定义构建函数(@Builder装饰的方法)初始化。

  • 使用所属自定义组件的自定义构建函数或者全局的自定义构建函数,在本地初始化@BuilderParam装饰的方法。

    @Builder
    function overBuilder() {
    }

    @Component
    struct Child {
    @Builder
    doNothingBuilder() {
    }

    // 使用自定义组件的自定义构建函数初始化@BuilderParam装饰的方法
    @BuilderParam customBuilderParam: () => void = this.doNothingBuilder;
    // 使用全局自定义构建函数初始化@BuilderParam装饰的方法
    @BuilderParam customOverBuilderParam: () => void = overBuilder;

    build() {
    }
    }
  • 使用父组件自定义构建函数初始化子组件@BuilderParam装饰的方法。

    @Component
    struct Child {
    @Builder
    customBuilder() {
    }

    @BuilderParam customBuilderParam: () => void = this.customBuilder;

    build() {
    Column() {
    this.customBuilderParam()
    }
    }
    }

    @Entry
    @Component
    struct Parent {
    @Builder
    componentBuilder() {
    Text('Parent builder')
    }

    build() {
    Column() {
    Child({ customBuilderParam: this.componentBuilder })
    }
    }
    }

图1 示例效果图

  • 需要注意this的指向。

    示例如下:

    @Component
    struct Child {
    label: string = 'Child';

    @Builder
    customBuilder() {
    }

    @Builder
    customChangeThisBuilder() {
    }

    @BuilderParam customBuilderParam: () => void = this.customBuilder;
    @BuilderParam customChangeThisBuilderParam: () => void = this.customChangeThisBuilder;

    build() {
    Column() {
    this.customBuilderParam()
    this.customChangeThisBuilderParam()
    }
    }
    }

    @Entry
    @Component
    struct Parent {
    label: string = 'Parent';

    @Builder
    componentBuilder() {
    Text(`${this.label}`)
    }

    build() {
    Column() {
    // 调用this.componentBuilder()时,this指向当前@Entry所装饰的Parent组件,即label变量的值为'Parent'。
    this.componentBuilder()
    Child({
    // 把this.componentBuilder传给子组件Child的@BuilderParam customBuilderParam,this指向的是子组件Child,即label变量的值为'Child'。
    customBuilderParam: this.componentBuilder,
    // 把():void=>{this.componentBuilder()}传给子组件Child的@BuilderParam customChangeThisBuilderParam,
    // 因为箭头函数的this指向的是宿主对象,所以label变量的值为'Parent'。
    customChangeThisBuilderParam: (): void => {
    this.componentBuilder()
    }
    })
    }
    }
    }

图2 示例效果图

限制条件

使用场景

参数初始化组件

@BuilderParam装饰的方法为有参数或无参数的形式,必须与指向的@Builder方法类型匹配。

class Tmp {
public label: string = '';
}

@Builder
function overBuilder($$: Tmp) {
Text($$.label)
.width('100%')
.height(50)
.backgroundColor(Color.Green)
}

@Component
struct Child {
label: string = 'Child';

@Builder
customBuilder() {
}

// 无参数类型,指向的customBuilder也是无参数类型
@BuilderParam customBuilderParam: () => void = this.customBuilder;
// 有参数类型,指向的overBuilder也是有参数类型的方法
@BuilderParam customOverBuilderParam: ($$: Tmp) => void = overBuilder;

build() {
Column() {
this.customBuilderParam()
this.customOverBuilderParam({ label: 'global Builder label' })
}
}
}

@Entry
@Component
struct Parent {
label: string = 'Parent';

@Builder
componentBuilder() {
Text(`${this.label}`)
}

build() {
Column() {
this.componentBuilder()
Child({ customBuilderParam: this.componentBuilder, customOverBuilderParam: overBuilder })
}
}
}

图3 示例效果图

尾随闭包初始化组件

在自定义组件中,使用@BuilderParam装饰的属性可通过尾随闭包进行初始化。初始化时,组件后需紧跟一个大括号“{}”形成尾随闭包场景。

  • 此场景下自定义组件内仅有一个使用@BuilderParam装饰的属性。
  • 此场景下自定义组件不支持通用属性。

开发者可将尾随闭包内的内容看作@Builder装饰的函数传给@BuilderParam。

示例1:

@Component
struct CustomContainer {
@Prop header: string = '';

@Builder
closerBuilder() {
}

// 使用父组件的尾随闭包{}(@Builder装饰的方法)初始化子组件@BuilderParam装饰的方法
@BuilderParam closer: () => void = this.closerBuilder;

build() {
Column() {
Text(this.header)
.fontSize(30)
this.closer()
}
}
}

@Builder
function specificParam(label1: string, label2: string) {
Column() {
Text(label1)
.fontSize(30)
Text(label2)
.fontSize(30)
}
}

@Entry
@Component
struct CustomContainerUser {
@State text: string = 'header';

build() {
Column() {
// 创建CustomContainer,在创建CustomContainer时,通过其后紧跟一个大括号“{}”形成尾随闭包
// 作为传递给子组件CustomContainer @BuilderParam closer: () => void的参数
CustomContainer({ header: this.text }) {
Column() {
specificParam('testA', 'testB')
}.backgroundColor(Color.Yellow)
.onClick(() => {
this.text = 'changeHeader';
})
}
}
}
}

图4 示例效果图

可以使用全局或局部@Builder通过尾随闭包的形式对@ComponentV2装饰的自定义组件中的@BuilderParam装饰的方法进行初始化。

示例2:

@ComponentV2
struct ChildPage {
@Require @Param message: string = '';

@Builder
customBuilder() {
}

@BuilderParam customBuilderParam: () => void = this.customBuilder;

build() {
Column() {
Text(this.message)
.fontSize(30)
.fontWeight(FontWeight.Bold)
this.customBuilderParam()
}
}
}

const builderValue: string = 'Hello World';

@Builder
function overBuilder() {
Row() {
Text(`Global Builder: ${builderValue}`)
.fontSize(20)
.fontWeight(FontWeight.Bold)
}
}

@Entry
@ComponentV2
struct ParentPage {
@Local label: string = 'Parent Page';

@Builder
componentBuilder() {
Row() {
Text(`Local Builder: ${this.label}`)
.fontSize(20)
.fontWeight(FontWeight.Bold)
}
}

build() {
Column() {
ChildPage({ message: this.label }) {
Column() { // 使用局部@Builder,通过组件后紧跟一个大括号“{}”形成尾随闭包去初始化自定义组件@BuilderParam装饰的方法
this.componentBuilder();
}
}

Line()
.width('100%')
.height(10)
.backgroundColor('#000000').margin(10)
ChildPage({ message: this.label }) { // 使用全局@Builder,通过组件后紧跟一个大括号“{}”形成尾随闭包去初始化自定义组件@BuilderParam装饰的方法
Column() {
overBuilder();
}
}
}
}
}

使用@BuilderParam隔离多组件对@Builder跳转逻辑的调用

当@Builder封装的系统组件包含跳转逻辑时,所有调用该@Builder的自定义组件将具备该跳转功能。如果需要禁用特定组件的跳转功能,可使用@BuilderParam来隔离跳转逻辑。

当前示例代码中使用了Navigation组件导航,具体实现逻辑可以查询Navigation指南。

import { HelloWorldPageBuilder } from './helloworld';
import { hilog } from '@kit.PerformanceAnalysisKit';

const DOMAIN = 0x0000;

class NavigationParams {
public pathStack: NavPathStack = new NavPathStack();
public boo: boolean = true;
}

@Builder
function navigationAction(params: NavigationParams) {
Column() {
Navigation(params.pathStack) {
Button('router to page', { stateEffect: true, type: ButtonType.Capsule })
.width('80%')
.height(40)
.margin(20)
.onClick(() => {
// 通过修改@BuilderParam参数决定是否跳转。
if (params.boo) {
params.pathStack.pushPath({ name: 'HelloWorldPage' });
} else {
hilog.info(DOMAIN, 'testTag', '%{public}s', '@BuilderParam setting does not jump');
}
})
}
.navDestination(HelloWorldPageBuilder)
.hideTitleBar(true)
.height('100%')
.width('100%')
}
.height('25%')
.width('100%')
}

@Entry
@Component
struct ParentPage {
@State info: NavigationParams = new NavigationParams();

build() {
Column() {
Text('ParentPage')
navigationAction({ pathStack: this.info.pathStack, boo: true })
ChildPageOne()
ChildPage_BuilderParam({ eventBuilder: navigationAction })
}
.height('100%')
.width('100%')
}
}

@Component
struct ChildPageOne {
@State info: NavigationParams = new NavigationParams();

build() {
Column() {
Text('ChildPage')
navigationAction({ pathStack: this.info.pathStack, boo: true })
}
}
}

@Component
struct ChildPage_BuilderParam {
@State info: NavigationParams = new NavigationParams();
@BuilderParam eventBuilder: (param: NavigationParams) => void = navigationAction;

build() {
Column() {
Text('ChildPage_BuilderParam')
// 对传递过来的全局@Builder进行参数修改,可以实现禁用点击跳转的功能。
this.eventBuilder({ pathStack: this.info.pathStack, boo: false })
}
}
}
@Builder
export function HelloWorldPageBuilder() {
HelloWorldPage()
}

@Component
struct HelloWorldPage {
@State message: string = 'Hello World';
@State pathStack: NavPathStack = new NavPathStack();

build() {
NavDestination() {
Column() {
Text(this.message)
.fontSize(20)
.fontWeight(FontWeight.Bold)
}
}
.height('100%')
.width('100%')
}
}

router_map.json

这个文件位于项目的resources/base/profile目录下。

{
"routerMap": [
{
"name": "HelloWorldPage",
"buildFunction": "HelloWorldPageBuilder",
"pageSourceFile": "src/main/ets/pages/helloworld.ets"
}
]
}

module.json5

这个文件位于应用模块的根目录下,例如entry/src/main/module.json5。

{
"module": {
"routerMap": "$profile:router_map",
......
}
}

图5 示例效果图

使用全局和局部@Builder初始化@BuilderParam

在自定义组件中,使用@BuilderParam装饰的变量接收父组件通过@Builder传递的内容进行初始化,由于父组件的@Builder可以使用箭头函数改变当前的this指向,因此使用@BuilderParam装饰的变量会展示不同的内容。

@Component
struct ChildPage {
label: string = 'Child Page';

@Builder
customBuilder() {
}

@BuilderParam customBuilderParam: () => void = this.customBuilder;
@BuilderParam customChangeThisBuilderParam: () => void = this.customBuilder;

build() {
Column() {
this.customBuilderParam()
this.customChangeThisBuilderParam()
}
}
}

const builderValue: string = 'Hello World';

@Builder
function overBuilder() {
Row() {
Text(`Global Builder: ${builderValue}`)
.fontSize(20)
.fontWeight(FontWeight.Bold)
}
}

@Entry
@Component
struct ParentPage {
label: string = 'Parent Page';

@Builder
componentBuilder() {
Row() {
Text(`Local Builder: ${this.label}`)
.fontSize(20)
.fontWeight(FontWeight.Bold)
}
}

build() {
Column() {
// 调用this.componentBuilder()时,this指向当前@Entry所装饰的ParentPage组件,所以label变量的值为'Parent Page'。
this.componentBuilder()
ChildPage({
// 把this.componentBuilder传给子组件ChildPage的@BuilderParam customBuilderParam,
// this指向的是子组件ChildPage,所以label变量的值为'Child Page'。
customBuilderParam: this.componentBuilder,
// 把():void=>{this.componentBuilder()}传给子组件ChildPage的@BuilderParam customChangeThisBuilderParam,
// 因为箭头函数的this指向的是宿主对象,所以label变量的值为'Parent Page'。
customChangeThisBuilderParam: (): void => {
this.componentBuilder()
}
})
Line()
.width('100%')
.height(10)
.backgroundColor('#000000').margin(10)
// 调用全局overBuilder()时,this指向当前整个活动页,所以展示的内容为'Hello World'。
overBuilder()
ChildPage({
// 把全局overBuilder传给子组件ChildPage的@BuilderParam customBuilderParam,
// this指向当前整个活动页,所以展示的内容为'Hello World'。
customBuilderParam: overBuilder,
// 把全局overBuilder传给子组件ChildPage的@BuilderParam customChangeThisBuilderParam,
// this指向当前整个活动页,所以展示的内容为'Hello World'。
customChangeThisBuilderParam: overBuilder
})
}
}
}

图6 示例效果图

在@ComponentV2装饰的自定义组件中使用@BuilderParam

使用全局或局部@Builder初始化@ComponentV2装饰的自定义组件中的@BuilderParam属性。

@ComponentV2
struct ChildPage {
@Param label: string = 'Child Page';

@Builder
customBuilder() {
}

@BuilderParam customBuilderParam: () => void = this.customBuilder;
@BuilderParam customChangeThisBuilderParam: () => void = this.customBuilder;

build() {
Column() {
this.customBuilderParam()
this.customChangeThisBuilderParam()
}
}
}

const builderValue: string = 'Hello World';

@Builder
function overBuilder() {
Row() {
Text(`Global Builder: ${builderValue}`)
.fontSize(20)
.fontWeight(FontWeight.Bold)
}
}

@Entry
@ComponentV2
struct ParentPage {
@Local label: string = 'Parent Page';

@Builder
componentBuilder() {
Row() {
Text(`Local Builder: ${this.label}`)
.fontSize(20)
.fontWeight(FontWeight.Bold)
}
}

build() {
Column() {
// 调用this.componentBuilder()时,this指向当前@Entry所装饰的ParentPage组件,所以label变量的值为'Parent Page'。
this.componentBuilder()
ChildPage({
// 把this.componentBuilder传给子组件ChildPage的@BuilderParam customBuilderParam,
// this指向的是子组件ChildPage,所以label变量的值为'Child Page'。
customBuilderParam: this.componentBuilder,
// 把():void=>{this.componentBuilder()}传给子组件ChildPage的@BuilderParam customChangeThisBuilderPara
// 因为箭头函数的this指向的是宿主对象,所以label变量的值为'Parent Page'。
customChangeThisBuilderParam: (): void => {
this.componentBuilder()
}
})
Line()
.width('100%')
.height(5)
.backgroundColor('#000000').margin(10)
// 调用全局overBuilder()时,this指向当前整个活动页,所以展示的内容为'Hello World'。
overBuilder()
ChildPage({
// 把全局overBuilder传给子组件ChildPage的@BuilderParam customBuilderParam,
// this指向当前整个活动页,所以展示的内容为'Hello World'。
customBuilderParam: overBuilder,
// 把全局overBuilder传给子组件ChildPage的@BuilderParam customChangeThisBuilderParam,
// this指向当前整个活动页,所以展示的内容为'Hello World'。
customChangeThisBuilderParam: overBuilder
})
}
}
}

图7 示例效果图

常见问题

改变内容UI不刷新

调用自定义组件ChildPage时,通过this.componentBuilder传递@Builder参数。this指向自定义组件内部,因此父组件中改变label的值时,ChildPage无法感知这一变化。

【反例】

@Component
struct ChildPage {
@State label: string = 'Child Page';

@Builder
customBuilder() {
}

@BuilderParam customChangeThisBuilderParam: () => void = this.customBuilder;

build() {
Column() {
this.customChangeThisBuilderParam()
}
}
}

@Entry
@Component
struct ParentPage {
@State label: string = 'Parent Page';

@Builder
componentBuilder() {
Row() {
Text(`Builder :${this.label}`)
.fontSize(20)
.fontWeight(FontWeight.Bold)
}
}

build() {
Column() {
ChildPage({
// 当前写法this指向ChildPage组件内
customChangeThisBuilderParam: this.componentBuilder
})
// 请将$r('app.string.builderOpp_text1')替换为实际资源文件,在本示例中该资源文件的value值为"点击改变label内容"
Button($r('app.string.builderOpp_text1'))
.onClick(() => {
this.label = 'Hello World';
})
}
}
}

使用箭头函数将@Builder传递到自定义组件ChildPage中,this指向会停留在父组件ParentPage里。在父组件中改变label的值时,ChildPage会感知到并重新渲染UI。

【正例】

@Component
struct ChildPage {
@State label: string = 'Child Page';

@Builder
customBuilder() {
}

@BuilderParam customChangeThisBuilderParam: () => void = this.customBuilder;

build() {
Column() {
this.customChangeThisBuilderParam()
}
}
}

@Entry
@Component
struct ParentPage {
@State label: string = 'Parent Page';

@Builder
componentBuilder() {
Row() {
Text(`Builder :${this.label}`)
.fontSize(20)
.fontWeight(FontWeight.Bold)
}
}

build() {
Column() {
ChildPage({
customChangeThisBuilderParam: () => {
this.componentBuilder()
}
})
// 请将$r('app.string.builderOpp_text1')替换为实际资源文件,在本示例中该资源文件的value值为"点击改变label内容"
Button($r('app.string.builderOpp_text1'))
.onClick(() => {
this.label = 'Hello World';
})
}
}
}

@Require装饰器和@BuilderParam装饰器联合使用

由于@Require装饰器所装饰的变量需进行初始化,未初始化会导致编译报错。

【反例】

@Builder
function globalBuilder() {
Text('Hello World')
}

@Entry
@Component
struct CustomBuilderDemo {
build() {
Column() {
// 由于未对@Require装饰的变量ChildBuilder进行赋值,此处无论是编译还是编辑,均会报错。
ChildPage()
}
}
}

@Component
struct ChildPage {
@Require @BuilderParam ChildBuilder: () => void = globalBuilder;

build() {
Column() {
this.ChildBuilder()
}
}
}

@Require装饰的变量必须从外部初始化。

【正例】

@Builder
function globalBuilder() {
Text('Hello World')
}

@Entry
@Component
struct CustomBuilderDemo {
build() {
Column() {
ChildPage({ childBuilder: globalBuilder })
}
}
}

@Component
struct ChildPage {
@Require @BuilderParam childBuilder: () => void = globalBuilder;

build() {
Column() {
this.childBuilder()
}
}
}

@BuilderParam装饰器初始化的值必须为@Builder

使用@State装饰器装饰的变量,在初始化子组件的@BuilderParam和ChildBuilder变量时,编译时会输出报错信息。

【反例】

@Builder
function globalBuilder() {
Text('Hello World')
}

@Entry
@Component
struct CustomBuilderDemo {
@State message: string = '';

build() {
Column() {
// @BuilderParam装饰的变量ChildBuilder接收@State装饰的变量,会出现编译和编辑报错
ChildPage({ ChildBuilder: this.message })
}
}
}

@Component
struct ChildPage {
@BuilderParam ChildBuilder: () => void = globalBuilder;

build() {
Column() {
this.ChildBuilder()
}
}
}

使用全局@Builder装饰的globalBuilder()方法为子组件@BuilderParam装饰的ChildBuilder变量初始化,编译无报错,功能正常。

【正例】

@Builder
function globalBuilder() {
Text('Hello World')
}

@Entry
@Component
struct CustomBuilderDemo {
build() {
Column() {
ChildPage({ childBuilder: globalBuilder })
}
}
}

@Component
struct ChildPage {
@BuilderParam childBuilder: () => void = globalBuilder;

build() {
Column() {
this.childBuilder()
}
}
}